Average learning performance shown by individual bees from the 12 test colonies. In each panel (a-l) we present the mean learning performance averaged across bees tested in each colony (D11-D22). Data points (filled diamonds) represent the mean (1 s.e.m.) number of errors made during each consecutive group of flower choices. The starting point (i.e. number of flower choices=0) was calculated from all bees which made at least five choices before feeding from (probing) a yellow (rewarding) flower for the first time. Subsequent data points each represent the mean number of errors (blue flowers chosen) during a series of 10 flower choices averaged across 1215 bees per colony. All bees (n=172) performed at least 100 flower choices. The curves shown in each figure panel indicate the mean learning curve for each colony. The colony learning curve is based on the mean curve parameters (y₀, A and t) produced from fitting exponential decay functions (y=y₀+Ae ?x/t ) to the flower choice data for each individual bee and averaging parameter values across bees.

Conceptual

Despite the common expectation the understanding performance off animals try adapted on particular surroundings where they perform, the brand new decimal outcomes of understanding performance to the exercise are very nearly unfamiliar. Here, we gauge the understanding overall performance off bumble-bees (Bombus terrestris) regarding multiple territories inside the a keen environmentally relevant associative discovering task around lab standards, before analysis the fresh foraging efficiency of the same colonies under the job requirements. (suite…)

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Title innovation is another notice off look that is designed by personal and you will historical perspective. From the dividing earlier LGB grownups toward age groups or label cohorts (Parks 1999; Rosenfeld 1999), instance search portrays brand new varying accessory into moral value of developing plus the discrepant attitudes of revelation management. Rosenfeld split up their own try for the an effective pre-Stonewall-era cohort, and this viewed homosexuality while the a good stigma, and an article-Stonewall cohort, and therefore identified homosexuality as an updates imbued which have governmental and you may ethical definitions. (suite…)

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